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As global warming becomes more severe, sea levels rise, and natural disasters increase, people are becoming more conscious of their own environmental impact. For many people, this means taking public transportation or using paper instead of plastic, but few people realize the impact the clothes they wear have on the environment. Now, in an effort to limit that impact, the fashion industry is starting to focus on sustainability with a new form of recycling.

Most of the criticism on fashion's impact on the environment is directed at the consumer. Fast-fashion companies produce relatively cheap but stylish clothes, which allows people to continually shop for new outfits and easily throw away their old ones. But behind the scenes, the fashion industry is having just as much of a negative impact on the environment as the consumer, if not more. Fashion designers and production factories throw away enough scraps of fabric each year to cover all of North Korea, according to one study. These scraps, known as pre-consumer, post-production waste, are now being reused by environmentally conscious designers. The scraps are pieced together to form a kind of mosaic clothing, a combination of industrial trash and high-end fashion that has been given the name "trashion."

Trashion is part of a larger trend of something called upcycling. Recycling usually produces progressively lower-quality products, such as plastic bags made from old water bottles. Upcycling, on the other hand, uses waste in a new way to make something more valuable, such as shoes and jeans made from old water bottles. Other forms of upcycling in fashion are belts and bags from old fire hoses, sportswear from coffee grounds, and jewelry from the gold and silver found inside if discarded cell phones.

Unfortunately, as is the case with some other forms of environmentally sustainable products, trashion is not easily accessible to most people. The lack of mass production makes it more of an artistic statement or a technical experiment for designers than a widespread shift in the operation of the fashion industry. But celebrities and fashion icons are starting to catch on, and as happens with most trends, maybe trashion will someday trickle down to the average person. As environmentalism becomes more mainstream and the climate situation becomes more dire, the industry might not have an option but to cater to the demand for more sustainability.   

*severe a. 극심한, 심각한 / a severe handicap

                (처벌이) 가혹한, 혹독한 / The courts are becoming more severe on young offenders. 

                엄한, 엄격한 / a severe expression 

*conscious a. 의식하는, 자각하는 / She's very conscious of the problems involved. 

                     의식이 있는, 지각.판단 기능이 정상인 / A patient who is not fully conscious should never be left alone. 

                     의식적인, 의도적인 / to make a conscious decision

*criticism n. (좋지 못한 점을 지적하는) 비난, 비판 / The plan has attracted criticism from consumer groups. 

                   비평, 평론(활동) / literary criticism

*criticize v. 비판하다 / The decision was criticized by environmental groups.

                  비평하다 / We were taught how to criticize poems. 

*direct v. ~로 향하다, 겨냥하다 / The machine directs a powerful beam at the affected part of the body. 

*affected area , affected part 환부, 병이나 상처가 난 자리. 

*if not more 그 이상까지는 아니더라도.

                    / It is not unusual for South Korean students to study from 7 in the morning to 11 at night, if not more.

*if not 그렇지 않다면, 그것이 아니라면 (if로 시작하는 문장 뒤에 써서 다른 내용의 제안을 도입할 때 씀)

           / I'll go if you're going. If not I'd rather stay at home (than go). 

           (yes/no 의문문 뒤에서) 아니면 / Are you ready? If not, I'm going without you.

           ~까지는 아니더라도. / They cost thousands if not millions of pounds to build.

*would rather.....(than) (~하기 보다는 차라리) ~하겠다, 하고 싶다. / She'd rather die than give a speech. 

*piece something together (상황 이해를 위해 사실.세부 사항들을) 종합하다

                                            / Police are trying to piece together the last hours of her life. 

                                            ~을 조립하다, 짜 맞추다. / to piece together a jigsaw.

*coffee grounds, grounds of coffee. 커피 찌꺼기. 

*discard v. (불필요한 것을) 버리다, 폐기하다. / The room was littered with discarded newspapers. 

*operation n. 수술 / an operation on her lung to remove a tumour. 

                      (조직적인) 작전 / a security operation. 

                      (대규모) 기업, 사업체 / a huge multinational operation. 

*trickle v. (액체가 가늘게) 흐르다 / Tears were trickling down her cheeks. 

                천천히 (흘러)가다 / People began trickling into the hall. 

*trickle down (특히 돈이) (국가의 경제 시스템을 통해) 부유층에서 서민층으로 흘러가다. 

                       / The wealth does not 'trickle down' as we were told it would. 

*trickle-down effect 낙수효과. 

*mainstream n. (사상견해 등의) 주류, 대세 / His radical views place him outside the mainstream of American politics. 

                     v. (특정한 사상견해를) 주류에 편입시키다. 

                     / Vegetarianism has been mainstreamed. 

*dire a. 대단히 심각한, 엄청난, 지독한 / living in dire poverty.

            몹시 나쁜, 끔찍한 / The acting was dire. 

*cater v. (사업으로 행사에) 음식을 공급하다. / Most of our work now involves catering for weddings. 

*cater for somebody/something ~에 맞추다, 부응하다 / The class caters for all ability ranges. 

*cater to somebody/something ~의 구미에 맞추다, ~에 영합하다. 

                                                   / They only publish novels which cater to the mass-market. 

The Persistence of Memory. Salvador Dali.

Far beyond simply being inspired by the unconscious mind, Salvador Dali, born in Figueres, Spain, often described it in his artworks throughout his lifetime. With so many of his artworks featuring scenes that cannot be found in real life, Dali is still considered a master of surrealism, an artistic movement that originated in the early 20th century which stood against a society dominated by rational thoughts and explored the unconscious mind. Among the countless artworks he created, an oil painting named The Persistence of Memory, painted in 1931, earned him great recognition in many countries around the world.

Just like how Dali often employed repetitive images in his artworks, The Persistence of Memory also depicts three clocks in an almost identical shape. He depicted these clocks in a bizarre shape as if they were some cheese melting away under the direct sunlight. With this depiction, he wanted to express the erratic passage of time people go through in the state of unconsciousness. A decaying clock covered with countless ants also lies at the bottom of the left side of the artwork, an image that Dali often used to symbolize death. 

As the artwork is set in the Costa Daurada, a strip of the Mediterranean coastline located near his hometown, many art experts analyzed that Dali painted it to show his own unconscious mind. This painting is currently located at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City, well-known for preserving a staggering collection of modern and contemporary artworks. 

When we think of Spanish painter Pablo Picasso, the first thing that may come to mind is his oil painting titled The Weeping Woman, created in 1937. However, there is another artwork that represents his amazing artistic career. It is an oil on canvas painting titled The Dream, produced in 1932 and measuring 130 cm by 97 cm.

As Picasso invented Cubism in association with French painter Georges Braque, he employed many lines to produce The Dream. With the lines, he was able to depict the woman in the painting as if she is being appreciated from different angles at the same time.

In addition, Picasso used various contrasting colors to create The Dream. Thus, many art experts concluded that not only did he cling to Cubist styles, but that he also used techniques based on Fauvism, a radical art movement characterized by the use of bright and intense colors, when he created the painting.

As we can speculate from the title, The Dream depicts a dreaming woman who was known to be Picasso's mistress named Marie-Therese Walter. As the woman has a faint smile on her face and is comfortably sitting on a cushiony couch with her hands gently placed on her stomach, many art experts have argued that she was probably dreaming of seeing her long-awaited baby soon. Unfortunately, those who are interested in admiring the painting in person cannot do so, as it became part of a privately owned collection in the late 1990s.

*weep v. 울다, 눈물을 흘리다. / She started to weep uncontrollably. 

*invent v. 발명하다 / Who invented the steam engine?

                (사실이 아닌 것을) 지어내다, 날조하다 / What excuse did he invent this time?

*cubism 입체파

*employ v. 고용하다 / How many people does the company employ?

                 (기술.방법 등을 ) 쓰다, 이용하다. / He criticized the repressive methods employed by the country's government.

*depict v. (그림으로) 그리다 / a painting depicting the Virgin and Child. 

                (말이나 그림으로) 묘사하다, 그리다 / The novel depicts French society in the 1930s.

*as if 마치 ~인 것처럼(=as though) / Fearless and high-spirited, they rushed into battle as if in sport.

*appreciate v. 진가를 알아보다, 인정하다 / You can't really appreciate foreign literature in translation. 

                       고마워하다, 환영하다 / I'd appreciate some help.

                       (제대로) 인식하다 / What I failed to appreciate was the distance between the two cities. 

*thus 이렇게 하여, 이와 같이 / Many scholars have argued thus. 

         따라서, 그러므로 / He is the eldest son and thus heir to the title. 

*conclude v. 결론을 내리다. / What do you conclude from that?

                     끝나다, 끝내다, 마치다. / Let me make just a few concluding remarks. 

                     (협정. 조약을) 맺다, 체결하다 / They concluded a treaty with Turkey. 

*cling v. 꼭 붙잡다, 매달리다 / survivors clinging to a raft.

              달라붙다, 들러붙다 / a dress that clings

              애착을 갖다 / After her mother's death, Sara clung to her aunt more than ever. 

*cling to something ~을 고수하다, ~에 매달리다 / Throughout the trial she had clung to the belief that he was innocent. 

*fauvism 야수파

*radical a. 근본적인, 철저한 / the need for radical changes in education

                급진적인, 과격한 / radical ideas

                급진파의, 급진주의의 / the radical wing of the party

*intense a. 극심한, 강렬한 / intense heat, intense cold, intense pain

                 치열한 / intense competition

                 (사람이) 열정적인, 진지한 / an intense look

*speculate v. 추측하다, 짐작하다 / We all speculated about the reasons for her resignation.

                     (주식등에서) 투기하다 / He likes to speculate on the stock market. 

*mistress n. (보통 기혼 남자의) 정부

*faint a. (빛,소리,냄새 등이) 희미한 / a faint glow, a faint glimmer, a faint light

              (가능성 등이) 아주 적은 / There is still a faint hope that she may be cured. 

Hong Kong Elections Show Most People Support the Protests

On Nov. 24, Hong Kong held its first elections since the massive protests began nearly six months ago, and the results suggest that most people in Hong Kong are sympathetic to the cause.

The protests in Hong Kong began when the government proposed a bill that would make it possible for people arrested in Hong Kong to stand trial in China. The bill was eventually withdrawn, but by that time, the demands of protesters had expanded to a call for democracy and after several violent confrontations with the police, more accountability by authorities.

The limited democracy of Hong Kong does not provide many opportunities to vote, so though this election was for district councils, one of the lowest political positions in Hong Kong, it was viewed as a referendum on the recent protests. Usually just over 40 percent of the population participates in these elections. In 2014, a similar series of protests called the Umbrella Movement drove turnout up to 47 percent. This year, more than 70 percent of all eligible voters in Hong Kong cast a ballot. Turnout among young people was especially high, a trend that seems to be growing worldwide.

Entering election night, China was reportedly confident that the elections would show that public opinion was against the protests and the frequent disruptions they had caused, but pro-democracy activists were cautiously optimistic. The results were better than they could have imagined. Entering the election with just 124 seats, pro-democracy candidates won 389 of the 452 open seats, and establishment candidates lost almost 250 of the 300 seats they previously held.

Though the politicians who were elected are not responsible for creating legislation, they may ultimately have a significant impact. The chief executive of Hong Kong, who acts as its leader, is selected by a committee, the majority of which is currently politically aligned with China. However, one-tenth of that committee is chosen by district council members, giving the newly elected officials significant power in the process.

Carrie Lam, the current chief executive, promised to listen to the election winners and reflect on the best way forward. Those opposed to the protests hoped that the election's success would satisfy the demonstrators, but the protests continued on week later.

China has thus far refrained from intervening, but the election's results may change that. While the referendum may pressure China to grant Hong Kong more independence, it may also prompt Beijing to forcibly end the protests altogether.

Prevent Virtual Assistants From Eavesdropping

Virtual assistants have become popular in recent years thanks to the convenience of being able to complete tasks without lifting a finger. They are activated when someone says a "wake word," which is usually simply the name of the assistant, and then begin listening to every word the user says. Unfortunately, they also turn on upon hearing anything similar to their wake word, meaning that many virtual assistants listen in on much more than their owners want them to hear.

After hearing about cases in which virtual assistants inadvertently recorded private conversations, a pair of computer science professors at the University of Chicago in the U.S. decided to invent a way for people to defend against the intrusion. They developed a wearable device they call the "bracelet of silence," which, as the name suggests, is a metal ring worn on the wrist. Unlike a normal bracelet, this one is covered in 24 speakers that emit ultrasonic waves in all different directions. Although the sound waves are inaudible to most people, electronic microphones will pick up the sound above all others, resulting in a static-like recording.

Though the prototype is clunky, the technology could be useful in the future. As the world becomes more connected, we will inevitably be surrounded by devices that could record us without our knowledge. For people uncomfortable with that reality, the best defense is a good offense, and devices like the bracelet of silence could one day be the only way to truly have a private conversation.

*eavesdrop v. 엿듣다, 도청하다

*eavesdropping n. 엿듣기, 도청

*bracelet n. 팔찌(=bangle, wristlet)

*not lift/raise a finger/hand (to do something) (~을 하기 위해) 손가락도 까딱하지 않다. / 노력을 전혀 안하다. 

*lift a hand(finger) (~ 하려고) 노력하다. 애쓰다. 

*inadvertently ad. 무심코, 우연히, 부주의로, 의도하지 않게

*inadvertent a. 고의가 아닌, 우연의, 의도하지 않은 / (사람.성격이) 부주의한, 소홀한, 경솔한

*intrusion n. (개인 사생활 등에 대한) 침범, 침해(하는것) / (무단) 침입, 마음대로 들어감. 

*emit v. (빛.열.가스.소리 등을) 내다 (내뿜다)

*static a. (변화움직임없이) 고정된 / 정지 상태의 

           n. (수신기의) 잡음.

*clunky a. 투박한

*inevitably ad. 필연적이다시피, 필연적으로, 불가피하게

*inevitable a. 불가피한, 필연적인

Wins Best Actress at Japan Academy Awards

Shim Eun-Kyung, 25, widely known among Koreans for her comic performances in Sunny and Miss Granny, was awarded Best Actress at the 43th Japan Academy Film Prize Awards, held at Grand Prince Hotel New Takanawa in Tokyo on Mar. 6, for performance in The Journalist.

Directed by Michihito Fujii, The Journalist, based on a book with the same title written by a Japanese journalist named Isoko Mochizuki of The Tokyo Shimbun, revolves around Erika Yoshioka, a young reporter born to a Japanese father and a Korean mother, who investigates a big political scandal within the current Abe administration, urging people to wake up to their rights to know, emphasizing that the more people know, the more changes will ensue.

Shim, who spent a year studying Japanese to act in the film, said in Japanese at the award ceremony, "I didn't expect to win this award, so I'm not prepared for a speech. I'm sorry," and added, "I'll keep doing my best. Thank you very much."

While another Korean actress, Bae Doo-na, was nominated in the same category for Air Doll back in 2010, she didn't clinch the trophy. Shim became the first Korean actor or actress to be honored at this award ceremony, which launched in 1978.

The film also took Best Picture, and Tori Matsuzaka, who starred as an elite bureaucrat, received Best Actor.

*revolve v. (축을 중심으로) 돌다.

              n. 혁명(=revolution)

*revolve around somebody (관심. 주제가) ~을 중심으로 삼다. 

*investigate v. 수사하다, 조사하다, 살피다. 

*ensue v. (어떤일. 결과가) 뒤따르다. 

*clinch v. 성사시키다, 이뤄내다 / 매듭짓다, 결말을 내다. 

*bureaucrat n.( 흔히 못마땅한) 정부관료. 

*star v. (영화, 연극등에서) 주연을 맡다. 

Scientists use cloning to save a dog breed from extinction

Researchers from Chungnam National University have used cloning to revive a dog breed on the edge of extinction.

Sapsaree, which are native to Korea, were once popular throughout the peninsula. Traditionally believed to ward off evil spirits, the dogs were favorites of Korean aristocrats and artists and may have even been used as military animals. 

However, during Japanese occupation, they were slaughtered in large numbers so that their fur could be used by Japanese soldiers stationed in Manchuria. By the 1910s, there were believed to be only eight Sapsaree remaining, and though the number has grown since then, only several hundred exist today. In 1992, the South Korean government even named the Sapsaree a national treasure. 

While Sapsaree are rare in general, short-haired and spotted, or badugi, Sapsaree are especially uncommon. These dogs in particular were the focus of the project at Chungnam National University.

The scientists had previously cloned a Sapsaree using the DNA from the first naturally born short-haired spotted dog since the Japanese colonial era. Last December, the cloned dog gave birth to a litter of seven spotted puppies, one of the offspring became pregnant, proving that the clones' children are fertile and capable of propagating the species. Thanks to these scientists, one of the rarest dog breeds in the world is now safe from extinction.

Mar. 8 was International Women's Day, a global celebration of women and the movement for equal rights. Originating in the labor and socialist movements of the early 20th century, it is now recognized by the United Nations and celebrated all around the world. The day is often marked by protests or, in countries with relative equality, celebratory marches.

This year, the coronavirus shut down marches in some of the places where it is spreading fastest, including Italy and Korea. In China, rather than a day of public demonstration, the day served as a celebration of the women helping to fight the outbreak. In other countries, however, such as Iraq, Venezuela, Belarus, and the Philippines, the marches went on as planned. 

In Mexico City, approximately 80,000 women participated in the march, which took place the day before a planned "women's strike." In response to increasingly frequent instances of violence against women in the country, women were urged to stay home from school and work on Monday, Mar. 9, and many of them did just that. 

In some cases, demonstrators were met with resistance as the marches turned violent. In Pakistan, a religious group planned a countermarch to protest the celebration and even threw shoes and stones at the women. In Kyrgyzstan, some women were detained by police after being attacked by masked men, who tore apart their signs. In Tukey, the police blocked women from entering the capital city's main square. Last year, the Turkish police had a similar response to the women's march, as demonstrators were driven away with tear gas. 

One of the biggest demonstrations in the world took place in Chile, where an estimated 2 million people marched. Though it was clearly a women's march, the rally came in the midst of political upheaval in Chile. Late last year, the high cost of living and inadequate education and healthcare services sparked protests across the country. Though hundreds of thousands of people were eventually arrested, the protests continued until New Year's Eve, when the latest mass gathering took place. Things had appeared to have settled down, but the Women's Day march showed that Chileans are still calling for change. Though gender equality is just one of the many things they are fighting for, on Mar. 8 at least, it took center stage.   

*labor n. 노동자, 노동계급, 노동

          a. 노동의, 노동에 관한. 

*recognize v. (어떤 사람.사물을 보거나 듣고 누구.무엇인지) 알아보다(알다) /  인정하다 / 승인하다

*the day 당일, 그날, 그날 하루. 

*demonstration n. 시위(=protest), 데모 / (무엇의 작동 과정이나 사용법에 대한 시범) 설명 / 입증 

*demonstrate v. 입증하다, 증거를 들여가며 보여주다 / (행동으로) 보여주다.

*rather than ~ 보다는

*in response to ~ 에 대한 응답으로 / ~에 응하여, ~에 답하여.

*instance n. 사례, 경우 / v. ~ 을 예로 들다. 

*for instance(=for example) 예를 들어

*urge v. (~하도록) 충고하다, 설득하려하다 / 강력히 권고하다

         n. (강한) 욕구, 충동

*in some cases 어떤경우에는 

*resistance n.(생각이나 공격에대한) 저항

*religious a. 종교의 / 독실한, 신앙심이 깊은 

*religion n. 종교

*countermarch n. 반대행진, 후진, 후퇴 / v. 반대행진(후진,후퇴)하다, 역행하다

*detain v. 구금하다, 억류하다 / (어디에 가지 못하게) 붙들다

*tear-tore-torn v. 찢다, 구멍을 내다 / n. 찢어진데(곳), 구멍

*tear something apart ~을 갈가리 찢어버리다 / tear somebody apart ~의 가슴이 찢어지게 하다.

*estimate n.추정, 추산 / v. 추정하다.

*estimation n. 판단, 평가

*rally n. 집회 / 랠리

         v. (원조지지를 위해) 결집하다, 단결하다

*midst n. 중앙, 한가운데 (=middle)

*in the midst of ~의 한가운데에, ~이 한창일때, ~하는 중에(= in the middle of)

*upheaval n.격변, 대변동

*inadequate a. 불충분한, 부적당한(<-> adequate) / (상황을 처리하기에) 부족한, 무능한

*arrest v. 체포하다 / 막다, 저지하다

*mass n. (정확한 형체가 없는) 덩어리 / (수량이) 많은, 대부분의 ( the/a mass of~) 

           a. 대량의, 대규모의, 대중적인 

           v. 많이 모이다, 떼지어 모이다, 운집하다

Rockefeller Center, Christmas Tree Lighting.

The Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree is a grand Christmas tree that receives the spotlight annually at the iconic Rockefeller Center in New York City, United Staes, during the holidays. 

Each year, a new tree is chosen to become the next Rockefeller Christmas tree. This year's 23.5-m tree is more than 60 years old and was owned by a woman from the New York village of Florida.

The 12-ton tree was transported to the Rockefeller Center on Nov. 9. It received a festive makeover with 50,000 colorful LED lights and a glamorous Swarovski star on top.

The lighting ceremony was held on Dec. 4 and was aired live on the American broadcast channel NBC. The event was hosted by anchors Al Roker, Craig Melvin, Hoda Kotb, and Savannah Guthrie. 

Before the lighting began, audience members were treated with splendid performances by numerous artists, including Idian Menzel, the voice of Elsa from Frozen. 

Known as the brightest event of the year, spectators awed as the Christmas tree began to illuminate its surroundings. The marvelous tree will be shining bright for the entire day of Christmas. And for those who missed the ceremony but would still like to view the tree, it will be up until Jan. 17.

Afterwards, the tree will go to good use by being donated to Habitat for Humanity as lumber for building homes.

The first ever Rockefeller Christmas tree dates back to 1931, while the first lighting ceremony began in 1933. Afterwards, the event started to get televised in 1951. Since then, it has become a tradition for the entire nation to watch and enjoy the lighting. 

In 2016, a film titled Hidden Figures, based on a true story of three African-American women who worked at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ) as mathematicians, drove Katherine Johnson (1918-2020), the only surviving one at the time, into the limelight. Johnson, who made a remarkable contribution to NASA and the U.S. space program, passed away in February at the age of 101.

Johnson, who was outstanding since her early years, graduated from high school at age 14 before she enrolled at West Virginia State University. Johnson, a member of Alpha Kappa Alpha, graduated summa cum laude at age 18 with degrees in mathematics and French.

In 1953, Johnson joined the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, the predecessor of NASA, which was hiring African-American mathematicians to assist engineers. 

Johnson's otherworldly numeracy, a gift for geometry in particular, was met with NASA's works including calculating trajectories and emergency return paths for Project Mercury spaceflights, and rendezvous paths for the Apollo Lunar Module and command on flights to the moon. Her calculations were also fundamental to the early stage of the Space Shuttle program, and she worked on plans for a mission to Mars. 

Johnson dismantled racial and gender barriers, knowing what she deserved and where she belonged, and insisted that women be included in editorial meetings, where women were not allowed before. She also used whites-only restrooms. 

In 2015, Johnson was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Obama and the Silver Snoopy Award by NASA astronaut Leland D. Melvin in 2016, a special honor awarded to NASA employees and contractors for outstanding achievement related to human flight safety or mission success. 

*aero a.항공(기)의, 항공학(술)의

*aeronautic(=aeronautical) a.항공학의, 항공술의, 비행술의

*aeronautics n.항공술, 항공학

*limelight n.각광, 세상의이목(관심).

*spotlight n.스포트라이트, 환한조명 / 세간의 주목(관심)

                v. 스포트라이트를 비추다. / 세간의 주목을 집중시키다, 집중 조명하다. 

*enroll v. 입학하다, 입대하다, 입학(입대)절차를 밟다, 등록하다, (이름을) 명부에 올리다. 

*라틴어의 성적 구분

- summa cum laude (최우등)

- magna cum laude (우수)

- cum laude (우등)

- bene (좋음/잘했음)

*advisory a.자문의, 고문의

*predecessor n. 전임자, 전임 / 이전의 것(모델)

*otherworld n. 내세, 사후세계, 저세상, 저승 / 공상(이상)의 세계, 별세계. 딴세상

*otherworldly a. 내세의, 비현실적인, 딴세상의

*numeracy n. 산술능력, 수리력

*numeral(= number) n. 숫자 / Arabic numeral 아라비아 숫자, Roman numeral 로마 숫자. 

*geometry n.기하학

*trajectory n.탄도, 궤적, 궤도.

*rendezvous n. 만날 약속, 만남 / (누구와) 만나기로 한 장소 / 랑데뷰

                     v. (미리 약속 시간과 장소를 정해서) 만나다. 

*command n. 명령, 지휘, 통솔

                  v. 명령하다, 지시하다 / 지휘하다

*commend v. 칭찬하다 / 추천하다, 권하다 / 인정을 받다. 

*fundamental a. 근본적인(=basic), 본질적인 / 핵심적인, 필수적인(=essential) 

                      n. 기본원칙(법칙), 핵심. 

*fundament n. 기초, 원리, 기본, 토대.

*dismantle v. (조직, 체제를) 해체하다 / (기구, 구조물을) 해체하다, 분해하다. 

*racial a. 인종(민족)간의 / 인종(민족)의

*racism n.인종차별(주의) / *racist n.인종차별주의자

*astronaut n.우주비행사